Thiruvananthapuram Zoo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Thiruvananthapuram Zoo

Date opened	1857[1]
Location	Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Coordinates	8.5117293°N 76.9550014°ECoordinates: 8.5117293°N 76.9550014°E
Land area	55 acres (22 ha)[2]
Number of species	82[2]
Memberships	CZA[3]

Napier Museum Thiruvananthapuram

Zebra in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo

Rhinoceros at Thiruvananthapuram Zoo

Barking deer at Thiruvananthapuram Zoo

Leopard inside cage at Thiruvananthapuram Zoo

Hippopotamus in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo

The Thiruvananthapuram Zoo (also known as Trivandrum Zoo) is located in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, India. It occupies 55 acres (22 ha) of woodland, lakes, and lawns. It is the oldest zoo in Asia.

Contents

• 1 History
• 2 Animals
• 3 Birds
• 4 Reptiles
• 5 Notes
• 6 External links

History

Thiruvananthapuram Zoo is one of the oldest of its kind in India. Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, who ruled Travancore between 1830 and 1847, established a menagerie where royal tigers, panthers, cheetahs, deer, boar, and other wild animals were kept. His brother Uthram Thirunal and British Resident William Cullen formally establish the zoo in 1857 as an annex to the Napier Museum. The zoo was originally built with the typical iron-barred cages prevalent at the time, and was designed for recreational purposes, but with increased loss of forest and wildlife due to human development, the goal of the Zoo has changed from recreation to conservation.^{[citation needed]}
A modernization project started in 1995 aims to gradually replace the old enclosures with spacious naturalistic enclosures. The state government of Kerala is undertaking this renovation with financial and technical help from the Central Zoo Authority.^[2]

Animals

The Thiruvananthapuram Zoo is home to 82 species from around the world. Indigenous species at the zoo include lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, Indian rhinoceros, Asiatic lion, royal Bengal tiger, white tiger^[4] and leopard,^[2] as well a nine Asian elephants (as of March 31, 2009).^[5] Animals from Africa include giraffes, hippos, zebras, and Cape buffalos.^[2]
The zoo also includes a snake farm which exhibits both poisonous and non-poisonous snakes and also have 7 Anacondas. India^[6]

Birds

• Ostrich
• Scarlet macaw
• Green winged macaw
• Indian peafowl
• White spoonbill
• Cassowary
• Sulphur crested cockatoo
• Common crane
• White necked crane
• Black necked cranegrey heron
• White ibis
• Blossom headed parakeet
• Roseringed parakeet
• Alexandrine parakeet
• Moutached parakeet
• Gray pelican
• Rosy pelican
• Silver pheasant
• Ring necked pheasant
• Rock dove
• Adjutant stork
• Painted stork
• White stork
• White necked stork
• Black necked stork
• Cinerous vulture
• King vulture
• White Backed vulture
• Pariah kite
• Brahminy kite
• Emu

Reptiles

• Anaconda
• Gharial
• Mugger crocodile
• Spectacled caiman
• Monitor lizard
• Bamboo pit viper
• Indian cobra
• Indian rock python
• Rat snake
• Russell's viper
• Checkered keelback
• King cobra
• Red sandboa
• Green tree snake
• Indian flapshell turtle
• Indian black turtle
• Crowned river turtle
• Travancore tortoise

	Home About us Government Institutions Other Links Contact us
	Guest Book Newspaper Links.. MalayalaManorama Deepika Mathrubhumi Kerala Kaumudi Deshabhimani The Hindu and more General Links... Tele Directory Pin code Finder Railway Reservation Kerala Associations T.V.Channel Sites Malayalam Music News & Media Job Opportunities Matrimonials   Thiruvananthapuram, formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. The city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills with narrow winding lanes and busy commercial alleys. Thiruvananthapuram literally means Ananthapuri, "the city of Ananthan", the Thiru (Great/Lord) Ananthan's Puram (City). The name derives from the main deity of a Hindu temple at the centre of the city. Ananthan is the serpent Sesha on whom Padmanabhan or Vishnu reclines. The temple of Anantha, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple is the most recognizable icon of the city. With a population of 889,191 (as of 2001) it is the second biggest city in Kerala. The city, being the state capital houses many government offices, organizations and companies. Apart from being the political nerve center of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and houses several premier educational institutions including the Kerala University. Thiruvananthapuram is also home to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). History Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient city with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BC. It was a trading post for spices like the rest of ancient Kerala. However the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The early rulers of the city were the Ays. With their fall in the 10th century, the city was taken over by the rulers of Venad. The rise of modern Thiruvananthapuram began with accession of Marthanda Varma in 1729 as the founding ruler of the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor (Travancore). Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital of Travancore in 1745. The city developed into a major intellectual and artistic center during this period of time. The golden age in the city's history was during the mid 19th century during the reign of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal . This era saw the establishment of the first English school (1834), the Observatory (1836), the General Hospital (1839) and the University College (1873). The early 19th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The Sree Moolam Assembly, established in 1904 was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state. Despite not being under direct control the British Empire at anytime, the city however featured prominently in India's freedom struggle. The Indian National Congress had a very active presence in the city. This era also saw the establishment of the University of Travancore in 1937 which later became the Kerala University. After the withdrawal of the British in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. In 1949 Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Thiru-Kochi, state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour Kochi. When the state of Kerala was formed on November 1, 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of the new state. With the establishment of TERLS (Thumba Equitorial Rocket Launching Station) in the 60s, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space program. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) located in the outskirts of the city in 1966. Several establishments of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram. A major milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment in 1995 of Technopark, an IT park. This placed Thiruvananthapuram on the IT map of India and it is today one of most promising in the country in terms of competitiveness. The city was officially known as Trivandrum till 1991. The name is still in common use and most non-Keralites prefer to use Trivandrum. Geography A view from Ponmudi Thiruvananthapuram is located at 8.5° N 76.9° E on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India. The city covers an area of about 250 square kilometers, sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The average elevation is at sea level. The city can be divided into two geographical regions, the midlands and the lowlands. The midland region comprises of low hills and valleys adjoining the Ghats. This area has high agricultural activity and crops like paddy, tapioca, spices and cashews are cultivated here. The lowland is a narrow stretch comprising of shorelines, rivers and deltas, dotted with coconut palms. The major rivers that flow through the city are the Karamana river, the Neyyar and the Vamanapuram river. A third region the highlands form the eastern suburbs of the city. Several cash crops like rubber, tea, cardamom etc. are grown here. The highest point is the Agasthyarkoodam which rises 1890 m above sea level. Ponmudi and Mukkunimala are hill-resorts near the city. Climate The city has a tropical climate and therefore does not experience distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature 34 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C. The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season. Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. The city gets heavy rainfall of around 1700 mm per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. December, January and February are the coldest months while March, April and May are the hottest. The winter temperature comes down to about 18 °C and summer temperatures can sometimes go as high as 37 °C. Economy Inside a Technopark building The economy of Thiruvananthapuram is based on the tertiary sector with about 70% of the workforce being employed as government servants. Industrial and commercial activities are comparatively low unlike the other cities of Kerala namely Kochi and Kozhikode. Since the establishment of Technopark in 1995, Thiruvananthapuram has steadily grown into a competitive IT centre. Technopark houses global majors like Infosys, TCS, Tata Elxsi, Alliance Cornhill, US Technologies, McKinsey & Co., Ernst & Young etc. The park provides employment directly to 5,500 people. With the expansion plans to be completed in 2007-08, this figure is to rise to about 30,000. There are around 20 government owned and 60 privately owned medium and large scale industrial units in Thiruvanathapuram. The major employers are the Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC), Keltron, Travancore Titanium and Hindustan Latex, all government owned. There are also about 30,000 small scale industrial units employing around 1,15,000 people. Traditional industries include handloom and coir. Other major organizations of economic interest are the Chithranjali Film Complex, Kinfra Apparel Park, Kinfra Audio Visual Park, Trivandrum Rubber Works, Kerala Automobiles and the English India Clay Ltd. Commercial activity is quite low mainly due to the absence of natural harbours. However this might soon change with the construction of the proposed Vizhinjam container terminal. Civic Administration The Kerala legislative assembly The city is administered by the Trivandrum Corporation headed by the Mayor. The city council is democratically elected and comprises of 25 members representing the different city wards. Several agencies work under or in partnership with the Corporation including the Trivandrum Development Authority (TRIDA) and Trivandrum Road Development Corporation. Most of the city comes under the Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency. Some northern wards of the city come under the Chirayinkeezhu constituency. The city contributes to 6 legislative assembly seats namely Kazhakootam, Thiruvananthapuram North, Thiruvananthapuram West, Thiruvananthapuram East, Nemom and Kovalam. The city police is headed by a Police Commissioner an officer of IPS rank. The city is divided three police sub-divisions headed by Assistant Commissioners. There are also two traffic sub-divisions. A women's cell and a narcotics control cell also operate in the city. There are two armed state police camps and a unit of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF). Thiruvananthapuram is the capital of Kerala and hence the state legislative assembly and secretariate are located here. The city is also the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram district. Transport Indian Coffee House building Within the city, city buses and autorickshaws provide means of transportation. Two-wheelers, especially scooters and motorcycles are the favored means of personal transportation on the roads mainly owing to the narrow nature of the roads. The intra-city public transport is dominated by the state-owned KSRTC (Kerala State Road Transport Corporation). There are also private bus services, but are limited in number. The city services of KSRTC operate from 5 depots namely, the City depot, Vikas Bhavan, Peroorkada, Pappanamcode and Vellanad. These services were revamped in 2005 with the introduction of modern buses and electronic ticketing mechanisms. The central city bus terminal is located at East Fort, near the Padmanabha Swamy temple. The long-distance bus station is located 1km away at Thampanoor. Buses from it go to all major towns and villages in the state as well as big cities in India such as Kochi, Bangalore and Chennai. The central railway station is also located at Thampanoor in the heart of the city, 8 km from the airport. It is a very important terminus which handles over 50 trains daily. The city is well connected by rail to almost all major cities in India. Trivandrum is the first major city along the second longest train route in the world, Kanyakumari to Jammu. A second satellite station was opened in 2005 at Kochuveli, near the International Airport. Thiruvananthapuram's international airport, with direct flights from the Middle East, Singapore, Maldives and Sri Lanka is the gateway to the tourism-rich state of Kerala. Indian Airlines and Jet Airways are the domestic airlines operating from here. Air India, Gulf Air, Kuwait Airways,Silkair, Srilankan Airlines and Air Maldives are operate the international flights. There are also two military airports one near the civilian airport and the other at the Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force in Akkulam. The exponential growth of the services and IT based sectors coupled with its prominance as the state capital and tourist centre has caused considerable strain on the transport infrastructure of the city. To tackle this crisis, several construction projects are now underway including the construction of several underpasses and flyovers, scheduled to be completed by early 2007. Demographics The city has a population of 889,191 according to the 2001 census, making it the 2nd most populous in the state and the 30th in the country. Within the city, the density of population is about 3,500 people per square kilometer. The district has a literacy rate of 88%. Unlike most other Indian cities there are more women in Thiruvananthapuram than men, with the sex ratio being 1037 females to every 1000 males. Hindus comprise of 62% of the population, Christians are about 20% and Muslims about 15%. The major language spoken is Malayalam. English and Hindi are also widely understood. There is also a prominent minority of Tamil speakers and a few Tulu and Konkani speakers. Culture Kovalam beach Thiruvananthapuram has a rich cultural background, with the rulers of erstwhile Travancore taking an active interest in development of arts and culture. Thiruvananthapuram has produced several great artists, the most famous ones being Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Raja Ravi Verma. Maharaja Swathi Thirunal was a great composer and played a vital role in the development of Carnatic music. He is widely credited with introducing the violin in to the world of classical Carnatic music. A music college in his name exists today in the city. Raja Ravi Verma was an illustrious painter with global recognition. His contributions to Indian art are substantial. Most of his famous paintings are preserved at the Sree Chithra Art Gallery in the city. The Padmanabha Swamy Temple and the fort surrounding it, the Napier Museum and Zoo, the VJT hall, Palayam Mosque and Church are among the prominent heritage buildings in the city. The Veli Lake and Shangumukham beach are home to various sculptures of noted sculptor Kanhai Kunjiraman. Thiruvananthapuram easily disguises itself as a laid back quiet city to the casual observer. However beneath it, there is a humdrum of cultural activity. The city comes to life during the festival season of Onam in August\September and during the tourist season later in the year. The state government conducts the tourism week celebrations every year during Onam with cultural events taking place at various centers in the city. The other major events include the annual flower show, the Attukal Pongala, the Aaraat at Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Beemapally Uroos, Vettucaud Perunaal etc. Education Thiruvananthapuram is a major academic hub. The University of Kerala is located here. The city also has several professional education colleges including 15 engineering colleges, 8 medical colleges and 2 law colleges. The College of Engineering Trivandrum is one of the prominent engineering institutions in the country. There are about 900 schools in Thiruvananthapuram district. The public schools are run directly by the state government. They follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government. In addition to this there are also four Kendriya Vidyalayas run directly by the central government which follow the CBSE syllabus. Most parents however prefer to send their children to private schools that are affiliated to either CBSE or ICSE boards. Media Daily newspapers are available in English and Malayalam. The English newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are The New Indian Express, The Hindu and The Pioneer. The major Malayalam newspapers are Mathrubhoomi, Malayala Manorama, Kerala Kaumudi and Desabhimani. Most Malayalam TV channels are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The government owned Doordarshan began broadcasting from here in 1981. Asianet was the first private Malayalam channel and began operations in 1991. The other channels now based in Thiruvananthapuram are Surya TV, Amrita TV, Kairali TV, Kiran TV and Asianet Plus. The local cable services are provided by ACV and Siti Cable and they provide a bouquet of local channels in addition to all the Indian channels. DTH services are available through Doordarshan Direct Plus and Dish TV. All India Radio has an AM (1161 MHz) and an FM (101.9 MHz) station for the city. There are no private radio stations. There are several cinema halls which screen movies in Malayalam, Tamil, English and Hindi. There are also two movie studios in the city, Chithranjali and Merryland. The basic telephone services are provided by BSNL, Reliance and Tata Indicom. The cellular networks operating in the city are BSNL CellOne, Airtel, Idea Cellular, BPL Mobile (all GSM) and Reliance (CDMA). The number of mobile phone connections have increased exponentially since the late 90s. Broadband internet services are provided by ACV Dataline, Siti Cable and BSNL DataOne. The major dial-up internet providers areBSNL NetOne, Kerala Online and KelNet among others. Sports The most popular sports are Football and Cricket. Basketball, Badminton and Volleyball are also popular, mostly in schools. The Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium is a prominent football stadium and has hosted both national and international level matches. The University stadium has hosted two international cricket matches and is also used for athletics. The Jimmy George Sports Complex, the GV Raja Sports School and Lakshmi Bhai National College for Physical Education (LNCPE) are the other major sports establishments in the city. The city also has a golf links and a tennis club both located at Kawdiar. The city fields two football clubs SBT and Titanium, both in the second division of the National Football Leauge. Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram is a Research and Development hub in the fields of space science, information technology, bio-technology, medicine and so on. It is home to a cluster of research centres to rival any in the world, which include Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, LPSC Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, CDAC Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology Regional Cancer Centre, (RCC) Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute, TBGRI Centre for Earth Science Studies, CESS Centre for Development Studies Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, CTCRI Kerala State Science and Technology Museum College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram Software Technology Parks of India, STPI Technopark

131. Thiruvananthapuram

     From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
     This article is about the city. For the district, see Thiruvananthapuram district. For the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram, see Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area.

     Thiruvananthapuram തിരുവനന്തപുരം: Trivandrum
     Metropolis
     Clockwise from top right: Kovalam Beach, Napier Museum, Trivandrum Central, Kowdiar Palace, Niyamasabha Mandiram, Infosys Building, The Sculpture of Jalakanyaka Mermaid
     Seal
     Thiruvananthapuram
     Coordinates: 08°29′15″N 76°57′9″ECoordinates: 08°29′15″N 76°57′9″E
     Country	India
     State	Kerala
     District	Thiruvananthapuram
     Founded by	Swathi Thirunal
     Government
     • Body	Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
     • Mayor	VK Prasanth
     • Deputy Mayor	Rakhi Ravikumar
     • City Police Commissioner	G Sparjan Kumar IPS[2]
     • Member of Parliament	Shashi Tharoor
     Arearank = 57
     • Metropolis	214.86 km2 (82.96 sq mi)
     Elevation	10 m (30 ft)
     Population (2011)[3]
     • Metropolis	957,730[1]
     • Rank	14
     • Density	4,454/km2 (11,540/sq mi)
     • Metro[4]	1,647,121
     Languages
     • Official	Malayalam · English  ·
     • Spoken languages	Malayalam · English  · Hindi  · Tamil
     Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
     PIN	695 XXX
     Telephone code	0471
     Vehicle registration	KL-01, KL-16, KL-19, KL-20, KL-21, KL-22
     Coastline	78 kilometres (48 mi)[citation needed]
     Sex ratio	1064[3] ♂/♀
     Literacy	97.72[3]%
     Planning agency	TRIDA
     Civic agency	Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
     Distance from Mumbai	1,543 kilometres (959 mi) NW (land)
     Distance from Delhi	2,814 kilometres (1,749 mi) N (land)
     Climate	Am/Aw (Köppen)
     Precipitation	1,700 millimetres (67 in)
     Avg. annual temperature	27.2 °C (81.0 °F)
     Avg. summer temperature	35 °C (95 °F)
     Avg. winter temperature	24.4 °C (75.9 °F)
     Website	www.corporationoftrivandrum.in

     Thiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: തിരുവനതപുരം Tiruvaṉantapuram, IPA: [t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm] ( listen)), formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital city of the Indian state of Kerala.^[5] It is on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "evergreen city of India",^[6][7] it is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys.^[8] With a population of 957,730 inhabitants^[9] Thiruvananthapuram contributes nearly 80% of the state's software exports and is a major IT hub.^[10][11][12]
     The city is home to central and state government offices and organisations. Apart from being the political nerve centre of Kerala, it is an academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the University of Kerala and the Trivandrum medical college and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), College of Engineering Thiruvananthapuram (CET), College of Architecture (C.A.T), Government Engineering College, Trivandrum (GECBH), Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering (SCTCE),the Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI),^[13] Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Technopark, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST),^[14] the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala,^[15] Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER),^[16] the Centre for Development Studies, the Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-DIT), the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software^[17][18] (ICFOSS), the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Sree Chitira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology.^[19]
     Considered one of the 10 greenest cities in India, Thiruvananthapuram is classified as a tier-II Indian city along with Kochi and was ranked as the best city in Kerala to live in a 2012 Times of India survey.^[20] The city was also ranked as the best city in India for Housing and Transport by a survey conducted by India Today.^[21][22]
     

     Contents

     • 1 Toponomy
     • 2 History
     • 3 Geography and climate
       • 3.1 Climate
     • 4 Economy
     • 5 Administration and law
     • 6 Infrastructure
     • 7 Tourism
     • 8 Transport
       • 8.1 Road
       • 8.2 Rail
       • 8.3 Trivandrum Light Metro Rail
       • 8.4 Suburban rail
       • 8.5 Air
       • 8.6 Sea
     • 9 Demographics
     • 10 Culture and Food
     • 11 Education
       • 11.1 Science and technology
     • 12 Media
     • 13 Sports
     • 14 Strategic importance
     • 15 Notable people
     • 16 Picture gallery
     • 17 See also
     • 18 Notes
     • 19 References
     • 20 External links

     Toponomy

     The city gets its name from the Malayalam word thiru-anantha-puram IPA: [t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm] ( listen), meaning the "City of Lord Ananta."^[23] The name derives from the deity of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple at the centre of the city. Anantha is the serpent Shesha on whom Padmanabha or Vishnu reclines. This temple of Vishnu reclining on Anantha remains the city's iconic landmark. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature and popular reference as "Ananthapuri", the Sanskrit version of Thiruvananthapuram, and as "Syanandurapuri",^[24] in Carnatic kirtanas composed by Swathi Thirunal, a Maharaja of Travancore.
     It is estimated that the value of the monumental items and assets of the temple partially revealed are close to ₹1000 billion (US$15 billion), making it the richest temple in the world.^[25]
     The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum until 1991, when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.
     

     History

     Main article: History of Thiruvananthapuram
     
     
     Painting by Raja Ravi Varma depicting Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos being greeted by Visakham Thirunal, with Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram, Travancore in early 1880.
     
     
     Kowdiar Palace built in 1915 was the official residence of the Travancore Royal Family.^[26]
     Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.^[27][28] The city was the trading post of spices, sandalwood and ivory.^[29] However, the ancient political and cultural history was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The early rulers of the city were the Ays. With their fall in the 10th century, the city was taken over by the rulers of Venad.^[30]
     The rise of modern Thiruvananthapuram began with accession of Marthanda Varma in 1729 as the founding ruler of the princely state of Travancore (Thiruvithamkoor in the local vernacular). Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital of Travancore in 1745 after shifting the capital from Padmanabhapuram in Kanyakumari district.^[31] The city developed into a major intellectual and artistic centre during this period. The city's golden age in history was during the mid-19th century under the reign of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal. This era saw the establishment of the first English school (1834), the Observatory (1837), the General Hospital (1839), the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library and the University College (1873). The first mental hospital in the state was started during the same period. Sanskrit College, Ayurveda College, Law College and a second-grade college for women were started by Moolam Thirunal (1885–1924).^[30]
     The early 20th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The Sree Moolam Assembly, established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state.^[32] Despite not being under direct control of the British Empire at any time, the city featured prominently in India's freedom struggle. The Indian National Congress had a very active presence in Thiruvananthapuram. A meeting of the Indian National Congress presided by Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah was held here in 1938.
     The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality started in 1920. The municipality was converted into a Corporation on 30 October 1940, during the period of Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, who took over in 1931.^[33] The city witnessed many-sided progress during his period. The promulgation of "Temple Entry Proclamation" (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. This era also saw the establishment of the University of Travancore in 1937, which later became Kerala University.^[34]
     With the end of the British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union, after toying with the idea of independence till as late as 1949. It had declared itself to be independent on 18 June 1947. An assassination attempt on the Dewan, Sir C P Ramaswamy Iyer and his exit turned the tables on the votaries of an "American Model" Travancore. The first popular ministry headed by Pattom Thanu Pillai was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Thiru-Kochi, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour Kochi, which was the first princely state to accede to the Indian Union.^[35] The king of Travancore, Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, became the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.^[36]
     With the establishment of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space programme. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.^[37]
     A major milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of Technopark—India's first IT park—in 1995.^[38] Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in India in geographical area,^[39] employing around 48,000 people in 300 companies.^[40] This placed Thiruvananthapuram on the IT map of India.^[41]
     

     Geography and climate

     Main article: Geography of Thiruvananthapuram
     Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills^[42] by the sea shore and is at 8.5°N 76.9°E on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India.^[5] The city is on the west coast of India and is bounded by Laccadive Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. The city spans an area of 214.86 km² (82.96 sq mi)^[43] and the greater metropolitan area spans an area of 250 km² (96.53 sq mi). The average elevation is 16 ft (4.9 m) above sea level.^[44]
     The Geological Survey of India has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised it in the Seismic III Zone.^[45]
     Thiruvananthapuram lies on the shores of Karamana and Killi rivers. Vellayani, Thiruvallam and Akkulam backwaters lies in the city.^[46]
     

     Climate

     The city has a climate that borders between a tropical savanna climate and a tropical monsoon climate. As a result, it does not experience distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature 34 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C.^{[citation needed][contradictory]} The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season.^[47]
     Thiruvananthapuram is the first city^{[citation needed]} along the path of the south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. The city gets heavy rainfall of around 1700 mm per year. It also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. December, January and February are the coldest months while March, April and May are the hottest. The lowest temperature in the city core recorded during winter was 16.4 °C on, and the highest temperature recorded in summer is 38.0 °C.^[48]
     

     [hide]Climate data for Thiruvananthapuram City (1971–2000)
     Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
     Record high °C (°F)	35.5 (95.9)	36.3 (97.3)	37.7 (99.9)	38.0 (100.4)	35.8 (96.4)	35.8 (96.4)	33.7 (92.7)	34.0 (93.2)	35.4 (95.7)	35.0 (95)	34.3 (93.7)	35.5 (95.9)	38.0 (100.4)
     Average high °C (°F)	32.0 (89.6)	32.3 (90.1)	33.2 (91.8)	33.1 (91.6)	32.3 (90.1)	30.1 (86.2)	29.8 (85.6)	29.8 (85.6)	30.6 (87.1)	30.4 (86.7)	30.6 (87.1)	31.6 (88.9)	31.3 (88.3)
     Average low °C (°F)	22.1 (71.8)	22.8 (73)	24.1 (75.4)	25.1 (77.2)	25.0 (77)	23.7 (74.7)	23.2 (73.8)	23.2 (73.8)	23.5 (74.3)	23.3 (73.9)	23.2 (73.8)	22.7 (72.9)	23.5 (74.3)
     Record low °C (°F)	16.4 (61.5)	18.1 (64.6)	20.2 (68.4)	20.3 (68.5)	20.1 (68.2)	20.0 (68)	20.2 (68.4)	18.2 (64.8)	20.8 (69.4)	20.1 (68.2)	18.9 (66)	18.2 (64.8)	16.4 (61.5)
     Average precipitation mm (inches)	15.9 (0.626)	22.7 (0.894)	27.8 (1.094)	118.8 (4.677)	198.6 (7.819)	330.4 (13.008)	188.1 (7.406)	152.3 (5.996)	169.1 (6.657)	254.5 (10.02)	211.9 (8.343)	64.0 (2.52)	1,754.2 (69.063)
     Average precipitation days	1.0	1.7	2.3	6.5	9.7	16.6	13.4	10.3	8.7	11.7	9.2	4.2	95.4
     Average relative humidity (%)	69	70	72	77	79	85	84	83	82	83	82	74	78
     Mean monthly sunshine hours	262.8	242.3	250.7	214.0	197.3	133.5	149.7	166.6	173.4	170.8	166.3	216.6	2,344
     Source #1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[48][49]
     Source #2: NOAA (sun and humidity, 1971–1990)[50]

     Economy

     Main article: Economy of Thiruvananthapuram
     
     
     Professionals at work in the Technopark campus
     The economy of Thiruvananthapuram city was earlier based on the tertiary sector with about 60% of the workforce being employed as government servants. Large-scale industrial establishments are low compared to other south Indian state capitals like Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai.
     Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top 10 cites in India on Vibrancy Index and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global financial services firm Morgan Stanley.^[51] The opening of many private television channels in the state made Thiruvananthapuram the home of studios and related industries.^{[citation needed]} India's first animation park, Kinfra Film and Video Park, is here.^[52][53]
     
     
     
     A building in the Infosys-Thiruvananthapuram campus
     Technopark is home to several companies including Oracle Corporation, Infosys, TCS, Visual Graphics Computing Services, Ernst & Young Global Shared Services Center, Allianz Cornhill, RR Donnelley, UST Global, Tata Elxsi, IBS Software Services, NeST Software, SunTec Business Solutions etc.^[54] The park has around 285 companies employing over 40,000 professionals.^[40] This is the first CMMI Level 4 assessed Technology Park which spreads over 330 acres with about 4,000,000 sq ft (370,000 m²) of built-up space^[55] As Phase IV expansion, Technopark is developing 450 acres of land in Pallippuram, 5 km north from the main campus as Technocity.^[56]
     Tourism has contributed heavily to the economy of Thiruvananthapuram.^[57][58] A large number of foreign tourists visit every year.^[59]
     There are around 20 government owned and 60 privately owned medium and large-scale industrial units in Thiruvananthapuram. The major employers are the KSIDC, Milma, Keltron, VSSC, ISRO LPSC, Travancore Titanium and Hindustan Latex, all government owned. There are also about 30,000 small scale industrial units employing around 115,000 people. Traditional industries include handloom and coir.^[60]
     Commercial activity is low mainly due to the underdevelopment of ports. However, this is expected to change with the construction of the Deep Water Container Transshipment Port at Vizhinjam.^[61] Situated close to the city, Vizhinjam is very close to international shipping routes and the east-west shipping axis and hardly require maintenance dredging.^[62] Other major organisations of economic interest are the BrahMos Aerospace, Chithranjali Film Complex, Kinfra Apparel Park, Kinfra Film and Video Park, Kerala Hitech Industries (KELTECH), Kerala Automobiles Limited and the English Indian Clays Ltd.
     
     See also: Thiruvananthapuram Tourist spots

     Administration and law

     
     
     Kerala Legislative Assembly Building
     
     
     Secretariat of the Government of Kerala
     The state legislative assembly and Secretariat are here as Thiruvananthapuram is the capital of Kerala. The city is the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram district. The foreign missions in the city are the Consulate of Maldives^[63] and Honorary Consulate of Russia.^[64]
     There is a 2008 plea to reinstate a bench of the Kerala High Court in the city which was earlier cancelled in 1957 due to setting up of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam.^[65]
     The city is administered by the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation which headed by the mayor and is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the Municipal Corporation.^[66] The city council is democratically elected and comprises 100 members representing the wards. Several agencies work under or in partnership with the Corporation including the Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority (TRIDA) and Thiruvananthapuram Road Development Company Limited (TRDCL).^[67]
     The Corporation of Trivandrum ranked 2nd out of 21 cities for best governance and administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.9 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3. It is the only city in India with a local ombudsman.^[68]
     

     Thiruvananthapuram City officials Mayor V. K. Prasanth[69] Deputy Mayor Rakhi Ravikumar[70] Corporation Secretary Biju K IAS[71] Commissioner of Police G. Sparjan Kumar IPS[2]

     The city comes under the Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency. The city corporation area contributes to four legislative assembly seats: Kazhakuttam, Vattiyoorkavu, Thiruvananthapuram, and Nemom.^[72] The police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an officer of Deputy Inspector General rank in the Indian Police Service.
     The city is divided into three police sub-divisions headed by Assistant Commissioners. There are two traffic sub-divisions. A women's cell and a narcotics control cell operate in the city. The other units of Thiruvananthapuram City Police include Crime Detachment, City Special Branch, Dog Squad, Mounted Police, District Crime Records Bureau, Foreigners Registration Office (FRO), Tourist Police and District Armed Reserve.^[73] There are two state Armed Police Battalions and a unit of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) based in Thiruvananthapuram. The CRPF has a Group Headquarters at Pallipuram. There is a large army cantonment in Pangode where some regiments of the Indian Army are based.
     

     Infrastructure

     The city is fully electrified by Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB). The district is divided into three circles: Transmission circle, Thiruvananthapuram city and Kattakkada. Domestic consumers account for 43% of the total power consumption, or 90 million units per month. Thiruvananthapuram district has one 220 kV, nine 110 kV and six 66 kV electrical substations. A 400 kV substation has just been commissioned by the Power Grid Corporation and will ensure high-quality power supply to the city.^[74]
     The water supply schemes cover 100% in the city limits. It is 84% of the urban and 69% of the rural population, when the district is considered. Peppara and Aruvikkara dams are the main sources of water for distribution. The new project plan for improving the water supply with Japanese aid covers Thiruvananthapuram city and six suburban panchayats having urban characteristics.^[74] Thiruvananthapuram is the only city in the state to have a scientific sewage treatment facility.^{[citation needed]} The entire sewage is disposed off at the Muttathara Sewage Treatment Plant, which can handle 107 million litres a day (mld). However, only 32 mld of sewage is currently disposed of at the plant. This sewage plant is India’s largest and Kerala’s first modern sewage treatment plant.
     The sewerage system in the city was implemented at the time of the Travancore Kingdom and modernised in 1938. This scheme for the disposal of sullage and sewage is an underground system. The whole system is controlled by Kerala Water Authority now. The city area is divided into seven blocks for the execution of the sewerage system, two commissioned in the 1990s and two after 2000. The sewerage was pumped to a stilling chamber at the Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) at Valiyathura and was disposed through sewage farming. The Dairy Development Department maintains this sewage farm, and fodder cultivation is done here. There is no revenue generation from this scheme, and the sewerage system in the city is a service provided to the residents. Now the sewage is treated at the Muttathara STP.^[75]
     

     Tourism

     Main article: Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram
     
     
     Kovalam Beach with Kovalam lighthouse in the background
     Thiruvananthapuram is a destination for domestic and international tourists. There are many tourist destinations in or near the city including Kovalam beach, Sanghumukham Beach, Napier museum and Zoo (Yann Martel wrote his book Life of Pi after studying a disabled lion, Simba, for months here), Agasthyarkoodam peak, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary and Neyyar Dam, Kuthira Malika palace, Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple, Ponmudi, Poovar, Varkala Cliffs and beaches and many others.
     Kanyakumari, Thiruvattar, Padmanabhapuram Palace and Tirpparappu waterfalls, are near the city, in the adjoining Kanyakumari District (Nagercoil), in the state of Tamil Nadu.
     The eponymous Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple circled by the East Fort is at the center of a busy shopping hub. The temple attracts millions of visitors every year. Visitors are required to adhere to special dress code before entering. Recent court battle challenges the custodianship of the Royal family over the temple. The controversy centres on the estimated properties of over $20 billion^[76] housed in the vaults of the temple.
     

     Transport

     Main article: Transport in Thiruvananthapuram

     Road

     
     
     Kowdiar road, also known as the royal road or "Raja Veedhi", as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace of the Royal family of Travancore
     
     
     National Highway NH66 in Kesavadasapuram, Thiruvananthapuram
     The NH-47, which runs from Salem to Kanyakumari, connects the city to Kollam, Kochi, Thrissur and Palakkad. The Main Central Road (MC Road) which is an arterial State Highway in Kerala and designated as SH 1 starts from Kesavadasapuram in the city.
     The Thiruvananthpuram Road Development Company Limited is an SPV to develop the road network in Thiruvananthapuram city.^[77] It is the first intra-city project in the country.^[78]
     The intra-city public transport is dominated by the state-owned KSRTC,^[79] though there are significant numbers of private buses plying within the city limits.
     Within the city, city buses, taxis and autorickshaws provide transportation. Scooters, motorcycles and cars are the favoured means of personal transportation.
     There are bus services operated by private operators that provide access within city limits and beyond. The city services of KSRTC operate from seven depots: City depot, Vikas Bhavan, Peroorkada, Pappanamcode, Pothencode, Kaniyapuram and Vellanad.^[80] These services were revamped in 2005 with the introduction of modern buses and electronic ticketing mechanisms. The central bus station is in Thampanoor, opposite Thiruvananthapuram Central Station. It connects Thiruvananthapuram with other parts of Kerala and other states. The central bus terminal is 1 km away at East Fort (Kizhakke kotta), near the Padmanabha Swamy temple.
     Interstate buses: Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation of Tirunelveli Division ply buses between Nagercoil and Thiruvananthpuram and many other parts of Kanyakumari district. It has a depot of SETC which operates long distance services towards Chennai and Bangalore via Nagercoil, Madurai. Also, KSRTC, private bus operators and the Karnataka SRTC ply services to destinations in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Hyderabad.
     

     Rail

     
     
     Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station is one of the busiest railway stations in south India
     Thiruvananthapuram comes under the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram trunk line connects Trivandrum with other major cities in India. There are five railway stations in the city limits including the Thiruvananthapuram central station. Thiruvananthapuram Pettah, Kochuveli and Veli stations are towards north direction and Thiruvananthapuram Nemom is in south direction from the central station.^[81] The Central railway station is at Thampanoor in the heart of the city and is about 5 km from the new international air terminal and nearly 8 km from the domestic air terminal.^[82] Kochuveli railway station is developed to ease congestion on central station and it act as satellite station to Thiruvananthapuram Central.^[83] Some of the long distance trains operate from this station. The Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express connects the city to New Delhi, the capital of India.
     The city is well connected by rail to almost all major cities in India such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Vellore, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Tirunelveli and Hyderabad. Thiruvananthapuram is the first major South Indian city on the longest train route in India, Kanyakumari to Dibrugarh.^[84]
     

     Trivandrum Light Metro Rail

     Main article: Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro
     The Government of Kerala is considering a proposal to construct two light metro systems in the city of Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode. Earlier, the proposal was to construct monorail systems.^[85] The monorail proposed was to start from Pallippuram and terminate at Neyyattinkara covering a distance of 41.8 kilometres (26.0 mi). Thirty-five stops were proposed with multi-storeyed parking lots at the stations.^[85] However, the monorail projects have been dropped and the government is considering the possibility of light metros in these corporation areas. Construction of Trivandrum Light Metro Rail is still not yet started because of the project is awaiting an approval from The ministry of urban development.
     

     Suburban rail

     A new suburban corridor by Railways in Thiruvananthapuram – Kollam – Haripad/Chengannur routes for which MRVC is tasked to conduct study and submit report. Ten trains, each with 7 bogies will transport passengers between Thiruvananthapuram-Kollam-Chengannur-Harippad section. Suburban Corridor is modelled on the lines of the Mumbai Suburban Rail where around 3,000 suburban trains ply every day.^[86] Funds have also been allocated for the project in the 2016 Rail budget.
     

     Air

     
     
     Terminal 3 at Thiruvananthapuram International Airport
     Thiruvananthapuram is served by the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport (IATA: TRV, ICAO: VOTV), the first international airport in India outside the four metropolitan cities then and third largest airport of kerala state. It has direct connectivity to the Middle East, Singapore, Maldives and Sri Lanka and is one of the gateways to the tourism-rich state of Kerala. The airport is qualified for all-weather and night operations. One of its major advantage is the prevailing weather that does not go to extremes, allowing flight operations without disruption year round.^[87] The international terminal is approximately 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) due west and the domestic terminal is approximately 8.0 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the central business district.^[88]
     The importance of the airport is also because it is the southernmost airport in India and the closest option for neighbouring countries like Maldives and Sri Lanka; it is the only option to Maldives from India. Apart from the regular scheduled flights, charter flights, primarily carrying tourists, serve the airport.^[89]
     

     Sea

     
     
     Thiruvananthapuram Vizhinjam
     The work on infrastructure development for the Deep Water Container Trans-shipment Port at Vizhinjam has began in 2015.^[90] It is being built by Adani Ports. It will be built in three phases and expected to be a key competitor in the ports business (especially for container transshipment), with the international shipping lanes between Europe and East Asia lying very close and with major ports like Colombo, Kochi and Tuticorin in close proximity.^[91]
     The exponential growth of the services and IT-based sectors coupled with its prominence as the state capital and tourist center has caused considerable strain on the transport infrastructure of the city. To ease the strain, projects such as TCRIP are underway (first phase is completed)^[92] including the construction of flyovers^[93] and under passes.^[94] In the first phase, 42 km of six-lane and four-lane dual carriage ways are being built.^[95]
     

     Demographics

     
     
     Gandhi Park in East Fort

     Religions in Thiruvananthapuram
     Religion			Percentage
     Hindu			65%
     Christians			18%
     Muslims			14%
     No Religion			2.5%
     Others			0.5%

     The city has a population of 7,52,490 according to the 2011 census,^[3] and 1,687,406 in the Urban Agglomeration.^[4] In the city, the density of population is about 5,284 people per square kilometre.^{[citation needed]} There are more women in Thiruvananthapuram than men; the sex ratio is 2,064 females to every 2,000 males.^[3]
     In October 2010, the area of the city was increased from 86 wards to 100 wards^[96] by adding Sreekaryam, Vattiyoorkavu, Kudappanakunnu, Vizhinjam and Kazhakuttam panchayats into the corporation.^[97]
     The city^{[clarification needed]} has now an area of 214.86 km² and a population of 2,957,730 inhabitants with 867,739 males and 889,991 females.^[98]
     Hindus comprise 65%^{[citation needed]} of the population, Christians are about 18%^{[citation needed]} of the population, and Muslims are about 12%^{[citation needed]}, No Religion The remains 3%, others remaining 2% practise other religions.
     The major language spoken is English, Malayalam & Tamil. Hindi is widely understood. As a result of the migration of people for government jobs, the population of the city is a heady mix of people from all parts of Kerala. Thiruvananthapuram is home to a prominent minority of Tamil speakers, owing to their migration from the Southern Travancore region and adjoining districts of Tirunelveli and Rameshwaram in the past. The city also has a few Tulu, Konkani, Dhivehi, Hindi, Telugu, and Urdu speakers.There is also a minority of Maldevians in the city.
     Unemployment is a serious issue in Thiruvananthapuram. The increase in the unemployment rate was from 8.8% in 1998 to 34.3% in 2003, thus registering a 25.5% absolute and a 289.7% relative increase in five years,but currently unemployment is decreased in at a high rate of 2.3% because of increased amount of IT companies in city.^[99] Thiruvananthapuram taluk ranks third in Kerala with 36.3% of its population unemployed. The in-migration of the unemployed from other districts boosts this high unemployment rate.^[99] Even with its unemployment rate, the city has its fair share of migrant labourers from other states. Thiruvananthapuram has a high suicide rate, which went up from 17.2 per lakh in 1995 to 38.5 per lakh in 2002.^[100] In 2004, the rate came down slightly to 36.6 per lakh.^[101]
     As per 2001 census, the populace below the poverty line in the city was 11,667. A BPL survey indicated the urban poor population as 120,367. Majority of these populace lives in slums and coastal fishing areas.^[102]
     

     Culture and Food

     Main article: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram
     
     
     Kovalam palm grove
     
     
     Thiruvananthapuram is a unique Indian city, where greenery and modernity co-exist; Shown here is the aerial view of Kowdiar
     The cultural background of Thiruvananthapuram originates from the efforts of the rulers of erstwhile Travancore, who took an active interest in the development of arts and culture. Thiruvananthapuram has produced several great artists, the most famous ones being Maharaja Swathi Thirunal,^[103] Irayimman Thampi and Raja Ravi Varma.
     Maharaja Swathi Thirunal was a great composer and played a vital role in the development of Carnatic music.^[104] There is a music college in his name in the city – Swathi Thirunal College of Music.
     Raja Ravi Varma was a famous painter of international renown. His contributions to Indian art are substantial. Most of his famous paintings are preserved at the Sree Chithra Art Gallery in the city. The Padmanabha Swamy Temple and the fort surrounding it, the Napier Museum and Zoo, the VJT hall are among the prominent heritage buildings in the city.
     The Veli lake and Shankumugham beach are home to sculptures of the noted sculptor Kanayi Kunhiraman. Many people, including Mahatma Gandhi have admired the city's greenery.^[105]
     Thiruvananthapuram appears as a laid back and quiet city to a casual observer. However, there are considerable cultural activities. They are more active during the festival season of Onam in August/September and during the tourist season later in the year. The state government organises the tourism week celebrations every year during the Onam with cultural events conducted at centres in the city. The other major events include the annual flower show, the Attukal Pongala, theAaraat of Padmanabha Swamy Temple, Urs at Beemapally,etc.^[106]
     The CVN Kalari at East Fort is a well-known centre for training in Kerala's indigenous martial art—the Kalaripayattu. The Margi centre offers training in many of Kerala's traditional arts including Kathakali.
     The general cuisine is Keralite cuisine, which is characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. This includes predominantly vegetarian Naadan (country) and non vegetarian Malabar and Kuttanad recipes. Other South Indian cuisines, as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines are popular.Arabian, Thai cuisine and Branded fast food Domino's pizza, Pizza hut, KFC, SUBWAY joints are patronised. One of the popular eateries for vegetarian South Indian fare is Arya Nivas at Thampanoor.
     Thiruvananthapuram has libraries, the prominent ones being the State Central Library (Thiruvananthapuram Public library, Est. 1829),^[107] the University Library, Thiruvananthapuram Children's Library, Manuscripts Library and the Centre for Development Studies Library. The British Library (est. 1964)^[108] was very near to the Government Secretariat adjacent to the YMCA Hostel.The British Council closed it down, citing financial constraints.
     A shopping mall, Mall of Travancore (MOT), with an area of 600,000 plus sq. ft. is under construction on the Chaakka Bypass. Developed by the Malabar Group, it will be the second largest mall in Kerala on completion.Trivandrum is expected to be the growing megacity in India and world .
     

     Education

     See also: Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram and Schools in Thiruvananthapuram
     
     
     Kerala University Administrative Building
     Thiruvananthapuram is an academic hub. The University of Kerala campus is here. The regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) is in Thiruvananthapuram. There are many professional education colleges including 15 engineering colleges, three medical colleges, three Ayurveda colleges, two homeopathy colleges, six other medical related colleges, and two law colleges in the city and its suburbs.^[109] The College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram, Government Engineering College, Barton Hill, and Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering are the main engineering colleges in the city. The Trivandrum medical college is the first and most prestigious medical college in the state of Kerala. The Asian School of Business and IIITM-K are two of the management study institutions in the city, both situated inside Technopark. The College of Architecture, Trivandrum, V.C.A.T. provides architecture education in Trivandrum. The Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology is in the city. Centre for Development Studies and Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-DIT) are in city limits.
     The schools in the city are classified as Aided, Unaided and Government schools.^[110] The government schools are run directly by the state government and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government. The aided schools also follow the state syllabus. In addition to this, there are five Kendriya Vidyalayas run directly by the Central government, which follow the CBSE syllabus, and private schools run by educational trusts or boards which follow CBSE and/or ICSE syllabus and/or NIOS syllabus and/or state syllabus. In 1961, the first ISC school, Loyola School, was started in the city. The school is in Sreekariyam and is affiliated to the CISCE, CBSE and SCERT and was the first in the city to introduce the ISC course with its Board in Delhi and affiliation to Cambridge University. The first international school in Kerala, the Trivandrum International School, was started in the outskirts of the city in August 2003.^[111]
     The literacy rate in Thiruvananthapuram, according to the 2001 census, is 89.36 percent; 92.68 percent among males and 86.26 percent among females.^[112]
     

     Science and technology

     Thiruvananthapuram is a research and development hub in space science, information technology, bio-technology, and medicine. It is home to the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), ER&DC – CDAC, CSIR – National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Free Software Foundation of India (FSFI), Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), Kerala Science and Technology Museum, Priyadarsini Planetarium, The Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library, Kerala Highway Research Institute and Kerala Fisheries Research Institute. A scientific institution named National centre for molecular materials, for the research and development of biomedical devices and space electronics is to be established in Thiruvananthapuram.^[113] College of Architecture Thiruvananthapuram(CAT), which specialises only on the architecture course, is another institution proposed to set up in the suburbs of the city.^[114]
     

     Media

     Main article: Media in Thiruvananthapuram
     Daily newspapers are available in English, Malayalam and Tamil. The English newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are The New Indian Express, The Hindu, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India. The major Malayalam newspapers are Mathrubhumi, Malayala Manorama, Kerala Kaumudi, Deshabhimani, Madhyamam, Janmabhumi, Chandrika, Thejas, Siraj, Kerala Kaumudi Flash, Deepika and Rashtra Deepika.
     Most of the Malayalam TV channels are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The government-owned Doordarshan began broadcasting from here in 1981. Asianet, the first private Malayalam channel, began its telecasts in 1991. The other channels now based in Thiruvananthapuram are Amrita TV, Kairali TV, Kairali We (Youth channel of Kairali), Mathrubhumi News, Kaumudy TV, JaiHind TV, Asianet News, Asianet Movies, Asianet Plus (Youth channel of Asianet) and People (News and current affairs channel of Kairali TV). The local cable services are provided by Asianet Satellite Communications Limited, Connecttel Communications Pvt Ltd, Trivandrum Cable Network Pvt Ltd and Siti Cable and they provide a bouquet of local channels in addition to all the Indian channels. DTH services are available through Doordarshan Direct Plus, Tata Sky, Sun Direct, Big TV, Airtel digital TV, Videocon d2h and Dish TV.
     All India Radio has an AM (1161 MHz) and an FM (Ananthapuri FM; 101.9 MHz) station for the city. It has a short wave transmitter relaying the AM programming over frequencies, intended for listeners in far-flung areas of Kerala and beyond. FM radio channels broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram are Ananthapuri FM (AIR) 101.9 MHz,^[115] Gyanvani from IGNOU 105.6 MHz,^[116] Big FM 92.7 MHz,^[117] Club FM 94.3 MHz,^[118] Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz,^[119] Red FM 93.5 MHz^[120] and Radio DC(Low power CRS) 90.4 MHz.^[121]
     Thiruvananthapuram city contains the largest number of theatres in Kerala.^[122] There are over 18 cinema halls which screen films in Malayalam, Tamil, English and Hindi. There are two film studios in the city— Chithranjali and Merryland. The Kinfra Film and Video Park, near the Technopark, is one of the most advanced film and animation production centres in India. Leading firms like Prasad Labs have set up their facilities here. The International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK) is held in November/December and is acknowledged as one of the leading events of its kind in India.
     The wireline telephone services are provided by BSNL, Reliance, AirTel and Tata Indicom. The main GSM networks operating in the city are BSNL CellOne, Airtel, Tata Docomo, Idea Cellular, Vodafone, Reliance and Virgin Mobile. The main CDMA providers are Reliance, MTS and Tata Indicom. The number of mobile phone connections has increased exponentially since the late 1990s.
     Major broadband internet services are provided by BSNL Broadband, Asianet Dataline and Siti Cable. Private providers like Reliance, Tata Communications (VSNL), Airtel and Satyam also have their presence in the city. The major dial-up internet providers are BSNL NetOne, Kerala Online and KelNet among others. Thiruvananthapuram also holds the distinction of having been the first 100% Digital SSA (Secondary Switching Area) in India.
     

     Sports

     
     
     Chandrashekaran Nair Football Stadium
     The most popular games are Football and Cricket.^[123] Basketball, Badminton and Volleyball are popular, mostly in schools. The Kerala Cricket Association (KCA) is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram. The HQ complex of KCA, has advance facilities including two practice turfs with nets, bowling machines, gymnasium with multi-gym and equipment for aerobic training, lecture hall and library, an astro-turf indoor coaching facility, fully furnished accommodation for coaches and players, a physiotherapy clinic, functional office facilities and guest rooms.
     Trivandrum has a multi-functional cricket cum football stadium at Kazhakkoottam and a shooting range at Vattiyoorkkavu.
     The Trivandrum International Stadium is a multi-purpose (cricket/football) stadium in Thiruvananthapuram. It is the first stadium in the country coming up on DBOT (Design-Build-Operate and Transfer) basis. It is also the first stadium in the country to be developed on annuity mode. It is the proposed venue for the opening/closing ceremonies of the 35th National Games to be held in Kerala.^[124] The playing arena in the stadium is constructed in line with FIFA regulations and ICC norms. It will have facilities for indoor sports like table tennis, basketball, badminton etc., a gymnasium and spa, a club house with five-star facilities, tennis court, Olympic size swimming pool, open convention cum trade cum exhibition centre, retail outlets, food courts, club facilities, car parking, etc.
     The Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, in the heart of the city, is a prominent football stadium and has hosted both national and international level matches. The University Stadium has hosted two international cricket matches.^[125] This stadium is under the University of Kerala and is equipped with synthetic tracks for athletics games.^[125] The Central Stadium, which has facilities for athletics, football, basketball, volleyball and cricket practice nets, is situated on the eastern side of the Government Secretariat. The Jimmy George Indoor Stadium, the GV Raja Sports School and Lakshmi Bhai National College for Physical Education (LNCPE) are the other major sports establishments in the city.
     The city has a golf course known as Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club. It is one of the oldest golf courses in India, more than 150 years old.^[126]
     The city has the Thiruvananthapuram Tennis Club (TTC) at Kowdiar. The city fields two football clubs—SBT-Thiruvananthapuram and Titanium—in the second division of the National Football League.
     The city has a fully equipped modern swimming pool near the Jimmy George Sports Complex at Vellayambalam. Many state level and national level swimming competitions are held in this complex. It also holds coaching camps for those who are interested in learning swimming.
     

     Strategic importance

     
     
     ^[127]
     Thiruvananthapuram is a strategically important city in Southern India. Being the largest city in India's deep south, it is important for military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. It is the headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force.^[127]
     Due to the strategic importance of the city, the Indian Air Force authorities have planned to establish an aerospace command in SAC.^[128] The plan for setting up a new "Tri-Service Command", which will integrate all the three forces under a single command, is also in the pipeline.^[129]
     Being the Indian city with the closest air link to the small island nation of Maldives and Sri Lanka,^[130] the city's medical and health infrastructure caters to the needs of the patients from both countries, especially Maldives.^[131] Thiruvananthapuram provides a key link in the movement of goods and passengers to and from southern parts of Tamil Nadu into Kerala, the state border being just 30 km from the city centre.
     

     Notable people

     See List of people from Thiruvananthapuram
     

     Picture gallery

     • 

       Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
     • 

       College of Engineering, Trivandrum
     • 

       State Central Library, Kerala
     • 

       Napier Museum
     • 

       Kerala Science and Technology Museum
     • 

       Thampanoor KSRTC bus terminal
     • 

       Methan mani near Kuthira Malika
     • 

       Vetti muricha Kotta

     See also

     • List of twin towns and sister cities in India
     • History of Thiruvananthapuram
     • Culture of Thiruvananthapuram
     • Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram
     • Economy of Thiruvananthapuram
     • Transport in Thiruvananthapuram
     • Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram and Schools in Thiruvananthapuram
     • Media in Thiruvananthapuram

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